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  "locale": "en",
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  "nodeType": "framework",
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    "id": "emotions-model",
    "type": "framework",
    "title": "The DBT emotion model",
    "searchAliases": [
      "Das DBT-Emotionsmodell",
      "Das DBT-Emotionsmodell"
    ],
    "description": "Emotion understanding · Emotion process model · Emotion process mapping",
    "priorityRank": 4,
    "priorityLabel": "Helpful early",
    "priorityDescription": "This node fits early in the path when fear or panic or strong emotional activation are in the foreground.",
    "cardPreview": "If you want to understand emotions as a system of triggers, body, evaluation, impulse and action.",
    "purpose": "Organize emotions as a coherent sequence of triggers, evaluation, body reaction, impulse and behavior so that regulation can start at several points.",
    "applicationContext": "When emotions seem diffuse, overwhelming or difficult to understand and a structured overall map of how emotional episodes are structured is needed.",
    "longDescription": {
      "text": "The DBT Model for Describing Emotions provides a systematic framework for understanding the components of an emotional response and where within the system intervention is possible. The model maps the sequence: vulnerability factors create the context; a prompting event triggers the emotion; interpretations and secondary emotions develop; biological changes occur in the body; action urges arise; and behavioral and verbal expressions follow. Because emotions are full-system responses, changing any component can shift the entire emotional experience. This model is taught before the regulation skills because understanding the structure of an emotion is necessary for choosing where to intervene.",
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        {
          "sourceId": "linehan-manual-529p",
          "chapter": 9,
          "section": "V",
          "page": 334
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    "whenToUse": "If, before actually choosing a skill, a model is needed that breaks down emotional reactions into their components and points of intervention.",
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    "module": "emotion-regulation",
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      {
        "moduleId": "mindfulness",
        "contextText": "The emotions model shows that emotions are processes with triggers, appraisals, and bodily responses - mindfulness makes these individual stages observable."
      },
      {
        "moduleId": "distress-tolerance",
        "contextText": "Distress-tolerance skills intervene at specific points in the emotions model - people who know the model choose crisis strategies more precisely."
      }
    ],
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    "comparisonTitle": "Model of Emotions vs. Functions of Emotions",
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    ],
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      "id": "mindfulness",
      "title": "Mindfulness",
      "description": "The foundation of all DBT skills.",
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      "id": "distress-tolerance",
      "title": "Distress Tolerance",
      "description": "Handle crises without making everything worse.",
      "color": "bg-rose-500"
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    {
      "id": "interpersonal",
      "title": "Interpersonal Effectiveness",
      "description": "Clarify relationships and reach goals.",
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  ],
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      ],
      "description": "Theoretical foundation · Core construct · Emotion regulation deficit model",
      "priorityRank": 23,
      "priorityLabel": "More foundational",
      "priorityDescription": "This node is more about preparation, stabilization, or later deepening around orientation and understanding.",
      "cardPreview": "When you first have to classify the core problem behind intense or difficult-to-control emotions.",
      "purpose": "Describe the core construct of emotional dysregulation in such a way that stress, impulse, behavior and relationship difficulties can be read as a coherent pattern.",
      "applicationContext": "When the problem lies not in a single emotion, but in recurring emotional reaction patterns that are difficult to control.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "Emotion Dysregulation in DBT refers to the pattern of emotional responding characterized by high sensitivity, high reactivity, and slow return to baseline — combined with difficulty modulating emotion once it has been triggered. It is understood as arising from the transaction between biological emotional vulnerability and an invalidating environment, rather than as a character flaw or willful behavior. Emotion dysregulation manifests across multiple systems: the person experiences emotions more intensely, more frequently, and for longer than most people; finds it difficult to identify and describe emotions accurately; has strong secondary emotional reactions to primary emotions; and struggles to regulate emotional behavior even when motivated to do so.",
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            "chapter": 1,
            "section": "II"
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          "contextText": "Emotional dysregulation often runs automatically and goes unnoticed - mindfulness is the first tool for making the cycle of trigger, response, and escalation visible at all."
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        {
          "moduleId": "distress-tolerance",
          "contextText": "Severe emotional dysregulation creates crises - distress-tolerance skills were designed precisely for situations in which dysregulation has already gone so far that only damage control is still possible."
        },
        {
          "moduleId": "emotion-regulation",
          "contextText": "The concept of emotional dysregulation is the target problem of the entire emotion-regulation module - every skill there aims to interrupt or reduce this pattern."
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      "comparisonDescription": "Emotion dysregulation describes the difficulties; emotion regulation describes the abilities involved. Biosocial theory places their development in context. The invalidating environment explores the social part of that explanatory model.",
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      "title": "Check the Facts",
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        "Check the Facts",
        "Fakten pruefen"
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          "reason": "If the emotion does not fit the facts or acting on its urge would not be effective, explore opposite action here.",
          "priority": 1,
          "evidence": [
            {
              "sourceId": "linehan-handouts-worksheets-446p",
              "locator": "Emotion Regulation Handout 10, steps 2–4",
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          "reason": "If the facts are correct and the situation itself is the problem, continue by identifying a changeable goal and possible solutions.",
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      "description": "Changing emotional responses · Fact checking · Fact checking decision",
      "priorityRank": 3,
      "priorityLabel": "Helpful early",
      "priorityDescription": "This node fits early in the path when inner restlessness or strong emotional activation are in the foreground.",
      "cardPreview": "When it is unclear whether feelings and assumptions really match the facts.",
      "purpose": "Separate observable facts from interpretations, threat assumptions, and catastrophizing to clarify whether an emotional response fits the situation in direction or intensity.",
      "applicationContext": "When strong emotions, assumptions of threat or absolute interpretations are in the room and it is still unclear whether emotional correction or situation change is needed.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "Check the Facts is the first step in changing unwanted emotions: before acting on an emotion or deciding it is justified, examine whether the emotion fits the actual facts of the situation — not interpretations, demands on reality, or thinking in absolutes. Emotions are responses to how we perceive events, not to the events themselves. Checking the facts involves asking: What is the actual event that prompted this emotion? Am I interpreting, assuming, or catastrophizing? Would a neutral observer agree with my read of the situation? Does the emotion fit the facts in kind and intensity? If the emotion does not fit the facts, opposite action is the next step. If it does, problem solving is needed.",
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      "comparisonDescription": "Helps distinguish between emotion regulation skills that can seem similar but differ in whether they rely on checking, counterdirection, or concrete change.",
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      "cardPreview": "When the emotional impulse takes you deeper into the problem instead of out.",
      "purpose": "Targetedly undermining an inappropriate or ineffective emotional action tendency through counter-directed behavior so that the emotion and direction of action can change.",
      "applicationContext": "When an emotion or its impulse to act does not fit the facts or is useless for the current goal, such as avoidance, withdrawal, attack or hiding.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "Opposite action is the skill of deliberately acting counter to the behavioral urge that an emotion generates — and doing so all the way, not halfway. Every emotion produces an action urge: fear urges avoidance; shame urges hiding; anger urges attack; sadness urges withdrawal. These urges are adaptive in some contexts and harmful in others. When an emotion does not fit the facts of a situation, or when acting on it would make things worse, acting opposite to the urge repeatedly changes the emotion itself. This is not suppression — it is behavioral change that feeds back into the emotional system. The most effective treatments for depression, anxiety, and anger all work through this mechanism. Opposite action must be done fully: approaching what is feared, not just tolerating it from a distance.",
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      "whenToUse": "If Check the Facts speaks against the emotional reaction direction and the situation itself does not need to be changed primarily.",
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      "comparisonTitle": "Check the Facts vs. Opposite Action vs. Problem Solving",
      "comparisonBullets": [],
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        {
          "label": "Primary question",
          "current": "Which action would deliberately go against my current emotional direction?",
          "candidates": {
            "check-the-facts": "Does my appraisal actually fit the situation?",
            "problem-solving": "Which changeable part can I address concretely?"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Direction",
          "current": "Change emotion-driven action tendencies through a deliberately opposite response.",
          "candidates": {
            "check-the-facts": "Correct interpretation, assumptions, and emotional fit.",
            "problem-solving": "Plan steps, options, and concrete change."
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Typical context",
          "current": "Withdrawal, attack, avoidance, or freezing as an unhelpful emotional direction.",
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          }
        }
      ],
      "comparisonNodeIds": [
        "check-the-facts",
        "problem-solving"
      ],
      "comparisonDescription": "Helps distinguish between emotion regulation skills that can seem similar but differ in whether they rely on checking, counterdirection, or concrete change.",
      "learningPathType": "knowledge-to-application",
      "learningPathTitle": "Explore and apply",
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        {
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        {
          "nodeId": "exercise-figuring-out-how-to-change-unwanted-emotions",
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          "situationId": "eifersucht",
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    },
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        "PLEASE-Fertigkeiten"
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      "priorityRank": 4,
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      "priorityDescription": "This node fits early in the path when fear or panic or strong emotional activation are in the foreground.",
      "cardPreview": "When basic physical care must first be stabilized so that emotional vulnerability decreases.",
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      "applicationContext": "When mood, irritability or crisis are exacerbated by sleep, eating, substances, illness or lack of self-care.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "The PLEASE skills address the biological substrate of emotional vulnerability: an out-of-balance body makes negative emotions more intense and harder to regulate. PLEASE stands for treating Physical iLlness, balanced Eating, Avoiding mood-Altering substances, balanced Sleep, and Exercise. These are structural conditions that raise or lower the emotional threshold for all other regulation skills. Illness left untreated, irregular eating, substances that alter mood, sleep disruption, and physical inactivity each independently increase reactivity to emotional triggers. Consistent aerobic exercise is an evidence-based antidepressant. Regular sleep reduces emotional dysregulation. The PLEASE skills do not change emotions in the moment — they change the terrain on which all emotional responses occur.",
        "furtherReading": [
          {
            "sourceId": "linehan-manual-529p",
            "chapter": 9,
            "section": "XVII",
            "page": 397
          }
        ]
      },
      "sourceId": "linehan-manual-529p",
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      "whenToUse": "When not only acute regulation is needed, but the reduction of basic vulnerability via everyday body factors.",
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        {
          "moduleId": "distress-tolerance",
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      ],
      "relatedIds": [
        "emotions-model"
      ],
      "parentBundleId": "abc-please-skills",
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        "exercise-practicing-please-skills",
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        "nightmare-protocol",
        "sleep-hygiene"
      ],
      "comparisonDescription": "Sleep is one of the physical foundations covered by PLEASE. Sleep hygiene explores general habits and conditions; the nightmare protocol specifically addresses recurring nightmares. Both expand on this part of the bundle.",
      "learningPathType": "step-to-pattern",
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          "strength": 0.78,
          "isPreferred": true
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          "strength": 0,
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          "situationId": "angst-panik",
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          "fit": "adjacent",
          "strength": 0.4,
          "isPreferred": true
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mindfulness-of-current-emotions",
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        "Mindfulness of Current Emotions",
        "Achtsamkeit auf aktuelle Emotionen"
      ],
      "description": "Changing emotional responses · Mindful observation of current emotions · Emotion wave observation",
      "priorityRank": 3,
      "priorityLabel": "Helpful early",
      "priorityDescription": "This node fits early in the path when inner restlessness or strong emotional activation are in the foreground.",
      "cardPreview": "When a current emotion needs to be held through mindfully instead of immediately avoiding it or pushing it away.",
      "purpose": "Be mindful of a current emotion and stay in touch with it without immediately avoiding it, reinforcing it or pushing it away.",
      "applicationContext": "When a feeling is already there and should not be corrected first, but should first be carried, observed and endured as it progresses.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "Mindfulness of current emotions is the practice of observing and experiencing an emotion as it is, without trying to suppress it, escape from it, or prolong it. Emotions are not facts about the world — they are events occurring in the body and mind. Observing them without judgment, and without acting on them, allows them to move through without intensifying. Suppression and avoidance paradoxically sustain emotional pain: research on PTSD shows that attempting to avoid pain-related cues ensures the pain will continue. Emotions observed mindfully tend to follow a wave pattern — they rise, peak, and fall — rather than remaining stuck at high intensity. The skill involves noticing the name of the emotion, its physical sensations, its action urge, and its triggering event — while staying present to experience it as a passing event rather than a fixed identity.",
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          {
            "sourceId": "linehan-manual-529p",
            "chapter": 9,
            "section": "XXII",
            "page": 441
          }
        ]
      },
      "sourceId": "worksheets-handouts-99p",
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      "whenToUse": "When emotion avoidance magnifies the problem and mindful contact with the present feeling is needed first.",
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          "moduleId": "distress-tolerance",
          "contextText": "In a crisis, staying mindfully in contact with the feeling instead of pushing it away is a form of crisis tolerance - it makes endurance without escalation possible."
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        {
          "moduleId": "mindfulness",
          "contextText": "Mindfully accompanying current emotions is applied mindfulness aimed at the most difficult object - this concept directly connects emotion regulation with mindfulness practice."
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      ],
      "relatedIds": [
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        "sleep-hygiene"
      ],
      "comparisonDescription": "This mindfulness practice concerns how to relate to an emotion being experienced now. Sleep hygiene has a different focus: sleep habits and conditions. The connection adds physical foundations of regulation to the practice of attending to current emotions.",
      "learningPathType": "cross-module-transfer",
      "learningPathTitle": "Explore and apply",
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        },
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          "nodeId": "radical-acceptance",
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          "description": "This connection leads from conceptual knowledge into a more concrete practical application.",
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        {
          "nodeId": "exercise-mindfulness-of-current-emotions-worksheet",
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          "nodeId": "exercise-figuring-out-how-to-change-unwanted-emotions",
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      ],
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          "label": "Love or connection",
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          "situationId": "ueberraschung",
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          "isPreferred": true
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          "situationId": "eifersucht",
          "label": "Jealousy",
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          "situationId": "interesse",
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        {
          "situationId": "schuld",
          "label": "Guilt or guilt feelings",
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          "situationId": "wut-aerger",
          "label": "Anger or Irritation",
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          "strength": 0,
          "isPreferred": true
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      ]
    }
  ],
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    {
      "id": "exercise-figuring-out-how-to-change-unwanted-emotions",
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        "Figuring Out How to Change Unwanted Emotions",
        "Unerwuenschte Gefuehle gezielt veraendern"
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      "priorityDescription": "This node fits early in the path when fear or panic or strong emotional activation are in the foreground.",
      "cardPreview": "When, after fact-checking, you need to choose the appropriate next path for an unwanted feeling.",
      "purpose": "Make the change from fact checking to the appropriate follow-up strategy usable as a concrete decision-making exercise.",
      "applicationContext": "When an emotion is understood, but it still remains unclear whether problem solving, opposing action, emotional mindfulness or acceptance of the consequences are more suitable.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "This worksheet guides the decision between Opposite Action and Problem Solving — two skills that address emotions from opposite directions. The pivotal question is whether the emotion fits the facts: if the situation is genuinely problematic, the emotion is justified and changing the situation (Problem Solving) is appropriate. If the emotion does not fit the facts, or its intensity far exceeds what the facts warrant, Opposite Action addresses the emotion directly. The worksheet prevents the common error of using Opposite Action when the situation actually needs to change, or using Problem Solving when the emotion is based on a misread of the situation.",
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          {
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          "nodeId": "opposite-action",
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          "nodeId": "check-the-facts",
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          "nodeId": "emotion-functions",
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          "nodeId": "problem-solving",
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          "description": "This connection leads from conceptual knowledge into a more concrete practical application.",
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          "isPreferred": true
        },
        {
          "situationId": "angst-panik",
          "label": "Fear or panic",
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      "id": "emotion-functions",
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      "description": "Emotion understanding · Emotion function interpretation · Emotion function decoding",
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      "priorityLabel": "Helpful early",
      "priorityDescription": "This node fits early in the path when fear or panic or strong emotional activation are in the foreground.",
      "cardPreview": "When it needs to be made clear what meaningful signaling or protective function an emotion actually has.",
      "purpose": "Make the functions of emotions understandable so that feelings can be read not only as disturbing states, but also as signals, protective reactions and instructions for action.",
      "applicationContext": "When emotions are too quickly pathologized, suppressed or misunderstood and their possible message or protective function must first be clarified.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "Emotion Functions describes why humans have emotions at all — the three primary adaptive purposes that emotions serve. First, emotions motivate and organize action: fear energizes flight, anger energizes defense, love energizes care. These reactions are partially hard-wired and respond faster than deliberate thought. Second, emotions communicate to others: nonverbal emotional expressions rapidly transmit critical social information that would take much longer to express in words. Third, emotions communicate to ourselves: they signal what matters, what is dangerous, what has value. Understanding these functions is foundational to DBT's approach to emotion regulation — because knowing what an emotion is doing makes it possible to decide whether to change it, and if so, how.",
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            "sourceId": "linehan-manual-529p",
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        "text": "Opposite action is the skill of deliberately acting counter to the behavioral urge that an emotion generates — and doing so all the way, not halfway. Every emotion produces an action urge: fear urges avoidance; shame urges hiding; anger urges attack; sadness urges withdrawal. These urges are adaptive in some contexts and harmful in others. When an emotion does not fit the facts of a situation, or when acting on it would make things worse, acting opposite to the urge repeatedly changes the emotion itself. This is not suppression — it is behavioral change that feeds back into the emotional system. The most effective treatments for depression, anxiety, and anger all work through this mechanism. Opposite action must be done fully: approaching what is feared, not just tolerating it from a distance.",
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        "text": "Check the Facts is the first step in changing unwanted emotions: before acting on an emotion or deciding it is justified, examine whether the emotion fits the actual facts of the situation — not interpretations, demands on reality, or thinking in absolutes. Emotions are responses to how we perceive events, not to the events themselves. Checking the facts involves asking: What is the actual event that prompted this emotion? Am I interpreting, assuming, or catastrophizing? Would a neutral observer agree with my read of the situation? Does the emotion fit the facts in kind and intensity? If the emotion does not fit the facts, opposite action is the next step. If it does, problem solving is needed.",
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      "shortLabel": "Fear",
      "entryType": "emotion",
      "isDraft": false,
      "description": "For anxiety peaks, near panic, fear of loss of control or massive concern.",
      "bodySensation": "Racing heart, tightness in the chest and throat, shallow breathing, muscle tension, sweating, trembling, dizziness",
      "impulse": "Flee or leave the situation, freeze and freeze, seek and secure control, avoid the next contact",
      "intensityNotes": "Course from chronic background worry to acute panic attack. Physical symptoms increase quickly and subside more slowly. Often wave character.",
      "longDescription": {
        "text": "Anxiety and panic form a continuum in DBT, with chronic background worry at one end and full panic with physiological symptoms at the other. DBT does not treat anxiety as intrinsically pathological — it treats it as a signal whose intensity has become dysregulating. The relevant skill categories are emotion regulation (check-the-facts, opposite action to anxiety, vulnerability reduction), distress tolerance for peak moments, and mindfulness for observing the wave without amplifying it. A key clinical distinction: anxiety justifies avoidance behaviors, which maintain anxiety — a common failure mode when skills are used to suppress rather than process the emotion. The core prescription of opposite action for unjustified anxiety is approach rather than avoidance: actively entering what is feared, not pulling away from it, and doing so repeatedly and all the way until the response decreases."
      },
      "preferredNodeIds": [],
      "conceptLinks": [
        {
          "conceptId": "check-the-facts",
          "relationRole": "understand"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "emotion-functions",
          "relationRole": "understand"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "emotions-model",
          "relationRole": "understand"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "emotion-exposure",
          "relationRole": "understand"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "accumulating-positive-emotions",
          "relationRole": "understand"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "please-skills",
          "relationRole": "understand"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "exercise-check-the-facts-worksheet",
          "relationRole": "apply"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "exercise-figuring-out-how-to-change-unwanted-emotions",
          "relationRole": "apply"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "tip-paced-breathing",
          "relationRole": "entry"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "cope-ahead",
          "relationRole": "prepare"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "exposure-based-cognitive-rehearsal",
          "relationRole": "apply"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "improving-the-moment",
          "relationRole": "apply"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "mindfulness-of-current-emotions",
          "relationRole": "apply"
        },
        {
          "conceptId": "opposite-action",
          "relationRole": "apply"
        }
      ],
      "pathSegment": "emotionen"
    }
  ]
}